Shapur II was the longest ruling Sasanian emperor, largely due to being crowned as a baby. After the death of Shapur's father, Hormazd II, Shapur's brother, Adurnarseh, became Emperor, but was killed by some nobles shortly after. The same nobles crowned the new-born Shapur emperor, possibly believing that a regency would be beneficial to them. Shapur was so young, that there was even a story that he was crowned in utero. His reign coincided with the entire Constantinian dynasty in the Roman Empire, and much of Shapur's reign was spent either at war with or in a hostile peace with them. A rock carving of Shapur at Taq-e Bostan shows him stood over the body of the Emperor Julian, who was killed in battle against Shapur's armies.

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